Solid Residues (Biochar, Bottom Ash, Fly Ash, …)
Résumé
Solid co-products from biochemical, chemical and thermochemical processes of biomass and biowaste have gained momentum in utilization as secondary raw materials. These solids are carbon-based or mineral-based materials, and for their suitable use in a number of fields, various properties should be determined. This chapter addresses advanced techniques used to determine physical and chemical properties of these solid residues. For each technique, the basics and protocols are described. Post-treatment procedures and interpretation of the results obtained are also provided for some residues.